PICC延续性照护服务现状及制约因素分析

目的从患者和社区医疗机构层面了解PICC延续性照护服务现状并分析制约因素,为PICC维护技术在社区医疗机构的推广提供参考。方法对在株洲市3所三级医院进行PICC置管维护的196例患者采用自行设计的问卷进行调查,对10家社区医疗机构负责人进行半结构式深入访谈。结果 88.8%的PICC带管者平时的维护地点为三级医院,31.1%的患者愿意到社区医院进行导管维护,61.2%的患者因社区诊疗技术不足而不到社区医疗机构进行导管维护。访谈共提取6个主题:人力资源不足,相关知识及技术缺乏,担心风险,收费标准缺乏文件依据,缺乏国家政策支持,建议提高医疗风险的保额。结论社区医院PICC维护情况不容乐观,推进PICC维护进社区存在较多的制约因素,政府、三级医院及社区医疗机构应积极采取对策加以改进,以发挥社区医疗机构初级医疗保健作用。     

Emergency department patient payer status after implementation of the Affordable Care Act: A nationwide analysis using NHAMCS data

ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in insurance status among emergency department (ED) patients presenting in the two years immediately before and after full implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).MethodsWe evaluated National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) Emergency Department public use data for 2012–2015, categorizing patients as having any insurance (private; Medicare; Medicaid; workers' compensation) or no insurance. We compared the pre- and post-ACA frequency of insurance coverage—overall and within the older (≥65), working-age (18–64) and pediatric (<18) subpopulations—using unadjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We also conducted a difference-in-differences analysis comparing the change in insurance coverage among working-age patients with that observed for older Medicare-eligible patients, while controlling for sex, race and underlying temporal trends.ResultsOverall, the proportion of ED patients with any insurance did not significantly change from 2012 to 2013 to 2014–2015 (74.2% vs 77.7%) but the proportion of working-age adult patients with at least one form of insurance increased significantly, from 66.0% to 71.8% (OR 1.31, CI: 1.13–1.52). The difference-in-differences analysis confirmed the change in insurance coverage among working-age adults was greater than that seen in the reference population of Medicare-eligible adults (AOR 1.70, CI: 1.29–2.23). The increase was almost entirely attributable to increased Medicaid coverage.ConclusionIn the first two years following full implementation of the ACA, there was a significant increase in the proportion of working-age adult ED patients who had at least one form of health insurance. The increase appeared primarily associated with expansion of Medicaid.     

Assessment of the Physical Compatibility of Eravacycline and Common Parenteral Drugs During Simulated Y-site Administration

PurposeEravacycline is a broad-spectrum, intravenous fluorocycline antibiotic approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults. A 60-minute infusion is recommended for each infused dose. Compatibility data that may allow convenient Y-site administration of eravacycline with other parenteral medications are unavailable. We aimed to determine the physical compatibility of eravacycline with other intravenous medications by simulated Y-site administration.MethodsEravacycline was reconstituted according to published prescribing information and diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride to a concentration of 0.6 mg/mL. Simulated Y-site administration was performed by mixing 5 mL of eravacycline with an equal volume of 51 other intravenous medications, including crystalloid and carbohydrate hydration fluids and 20 antimicrobials. Secondary medications were assessed at the upper range of concentrations considered standard for intravenous infusion. Mixtures underwent visual inspection and turbidity measurement immediately on mixture and at 3 subsequent time points (30, 60, and 120 minutes after admixture), and pH was measured at 60 minutes for comparison with the baseline value of the secondary medication.FindingsEravacycline was physically compatible with 41 parenteral drugs (80%) by simulated Y-site administration. Incompatibility was observed with albumin, amiodarone hydrochloride, ceftaroline fosamil, colistimethate sodium, furosemide, meropenem, meropenem/vaborbactam, micafungin sodium, propofol, and sodium bicarbonate.ImplicationsEravacycline for injection was physically compatible with most parenteral medications assessed. Pharmacists and nurses should be knowledgeable of the observed incompatibilities with eravacycline to prevent the unintentional mixing of incompatible intravenous medications.     

Establishment of an Evaluation Method for Gene Silencing by Serial Pulmonary Administration of siRNA and pDNA Powders: Naked siRNA Inhalation Powder Suppresses Luciferase Gene Expression in the Lung

In order to evaluate the in vivo effect of inhaled formulations, it is a gold standard to create a lung metastasis model by intravenously injecting cancer cells into an animal. Because the cancer grows from the blood vessel side, there is a possibility of underestimating the effect of an inhaled formulation administered to the lung epithelium side. In addition, the metastasis model has disadvantages in terms of preparation time and expense. The present study aimed to establish a new method to evaluate the effect of an inhaled small interfering RNA (siRNA) formulation that is more correct, more rapid, and less expensive. We investigated whether siRNA can suppress gene expression of plasmid DNA (pDNA) by serial pulmonary administration of siRNA and pDNA powders prepared by spray-freeze-drying. We revealed that formulations of dry siRNA powder significantly suppressed gene expression of pDNA powder compared with a control group with no siRNA. Naked siRNA inhalation powder with no vector showed the suppression of gene expression equivalent to that of an siRNA-polyethyleneimine complex without damaging tissues. These results show that the present method is suitable for evaluating the gene-silencing effect of inhaled siRNA powders.     

分级诊疗制度下公立医院的实践方式思考*

推行分级诊疗是深化医药卫生体制改革的核心战略,公立医院为了适应分级诊疗的推行必须在实践过程中对相关的措施进行调整。通过分析部分省份在分级诊疗推行过程中公立医院进行的相关改革情况,针对公立医院在分级诊疗推行过程中存在的难以有效下沉医疗资源、信息化建设不到位和分级诊疗推行缺乏持久动力等问题,提出了加强医院内部管理、加强信息化建设并发展高新技术以及完善激励机制等措施,使公立医院在分级诊疗过程中发挥更重要的作用。     

全面两孩政策下已育育龄妇女生育意愿的影响因素及其对策研究

目的：在全面两孩政策下，通过抽样调查上海市户籍已育育龄妇女二孩生育意愿，并分析其影响因素，为生育政策的实施及相关配套的完善提供参考。方法：采用目的抽样的方法，对上海市2个区4个街道的920名夫妻一方为上海市户籍家庭中15~49岁已育一孩妇女进行问卷调查，采用卡方检验、多因素Logistic回归模型进行二孩生育意愿影响因素分析。结果：回收有效问卷904份，其中有二孩生育意愿者20.7%，无意愿者57.7%，不确定者21.6%。回归分析结果显示，育龄妇女年龄、家庭年收入、夫妇类型、生育偏好和区域差异是妇女二孩生育意愿的重要影响因素。结论：全面两孩政策的实施对已生育一孩妇女的二孩生育意愿影响有限，意愿生育子女数明显低于政策允许生育子女数，除生育政策外，还有很多因素制约着人们的二孩生育意愿。全面两孩政策之后，延长产假、哺乳假和提供经济支持是最受期待的育儿支持政策。     

Alcance de la implementación en Cataluña de las estrategias de salud reproductiva (2008-2017)

ObjectiveWe analyse how reproductive health strategies have been incorporated into the everyday activities of the services and the resulting transformation of professional and user practices.MethodCartographic research taking a multi-sited ethnographic approach that seeks to reveal the processes of transformation. Data generation techniques featuring participant observation and situated interviews. Discourse analysis of the text corpus using three analytical axes based on three main lines of action promoted by the strategies.ResultsWe identified transformations in: 1) demedicalisation: an increase in midwives’ know-how and autonomy, changes in episiotomy practice and the facilitation of bonding practices; 2) warmth of care: incorporation of women's needs and expectations and improvements in the comfortableness of birth settings, especially in assistance at physiological birth; and 3) participation: actions that foster shared decision-making and the involvement of the persons accompanying women in labour.ConclusionsAbove all, transformation is visible in the incorporation of new attitudes, sensibilities and practices that have developed around the old structures, especially during physiological childbirth. The more technological areas have been less permeable to change. Risk management in decision-making and addressing diversity are identified as areas where transformation is less evident.